Paracetamol

While generally safe for use at recommended doses ( 1,000 mg per single dose and up to 4,000 mg per day for adults),[|[][|6][|]] acute [|overdoses] of paracetamol can cause potentially fatal [|liver damage] and, in rare individuals, a normal dose can do the same; the risk is heightened by [|alcohol consumption]. [|Paracetamol toxicity] is the foremost cause of [|acute liver failure] in the [|Western world], and accounts for most drug overdoses in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.[|[][|7][|]][|[][|8][|]][|[][|9][|]][|[][|10][|]] It is the active metabolite of [|phenacetin], once popular as an analgesic and antipyretic in its own right, but unlike phenacetin and its combinations, paracetamol is not considered [|carcinogenic] at therapeutic doses.[|[][|11][|]] The words //acetaminophen// (used in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Iran[|[][|12][|]]) and //paracetamol// (used elsewhere) both come from a chemical name for the compound: //para//-**acet**yl**aminophen**ol and //**par**a//-**acet**yl**am**inophen**ol**. In some contexts, it is simply abbreviated as **APAP**, for **a**cetyl-**p**ara-**a**mino**p**henol.
 * Paracetamol** [|INN] ( [|/][|ˌ][|p][|ær][|ə][|ˈ][|s][|iː][|t][|ə][|m][|ɒ][|l][|/] or [|/][|ˌ][|p][|ær][|ə][|ˈ][|s][|ɛ][|t][|ə][|m][|ɒ][|l][|/] ), or **acetaminophen** [|USAN] [|/][|ə][|ˌ][|s][|iː][|t][|ə][|ˈ][|m][|ɪ][|n][|ə][|f][|ɨ][|n][|/], is a widely used [|over-the-counter] [|analgesic] (pain reliever) and [|antipyretic] (fever reducer). It is commonly used for the relief of [|headaches] and other minor aches and pains and is a major ingredient in numerous [|cold] and [|flu] remedies. In combination with [|opioid analgesics], paracetamol can also be used in the management of more severe pain such as post-surgical pain and providing [|palliative care] in advanced cancer patients.[|[][|4][|]] The onset of analgesia is approximately 11 minutes after [|oral administration] of paracetamol,[|[][|5][|]] and its [|half-life] is 1–4 hours. Though acetaminophen is used to treat inflammatory pain, it is not generally classified as an [|NSAID] because it exhibits only weak anti-inflammatory activity.

=__**Paracetamol warning: 'Slightly too much can cause overdose**__= By Michelle Roberts Health reporter, BBC News Taking slightly too much paracetamol day after day can be fatal, experts have warned. A dangerous dose might just be a few pills too many taken regularly over days, weeks or months, they said. Researchers at Edinburgh University saw 161 cases of "staggered overdose" at its hospital over a 16-year period. People taking tablets for chronic pain might not realise they were taking too many or recognise symptoms of overdose and liver injury, they said. The researchers told the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology that this life-threatening condition could be easily missed by doctors and patients. Doctors may not initially spot the problem because blood tests will not show the staggeringly high levels of paracetamol seen with a conventional overdose, where someone may have swallowed several packets of the drug.

"Over time damage builds up and can be fatal."
Lead researcher Dr Kenneth Simpson

Patients who have taken a staggered overdose tend to fare worse than those who have taken a large overdose, the study suggests. Dr Kenneth Simpson and colleagues looked at the medical records of 663 patients who had been referred with paracetamol-induced liver injury to the Scottish Liver Transplantation Unit at the university hospital. The 161 who had taken a staggered overdose were more likely to develop liver and brain problems and need kidney dialysis or help with their breathing. They were also more likely to die of their complications. Dr Simpson said: "They haven't taken the sort of single-moment, one-off massive overdoses taken by people who try to commit suicide, but over time the damage builds up, and the effect can be fatal." Professor Roger Knaggs of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society said patients should heed the warning.

Recommended dose
"If people experience pain and paracetamol doesn't help, rather than thinking a 'top up' dose may work, they should consult their pharmacist for alternative pain control or referral to someone who can help with the cause of the pain. "The message is clear: if you take more paracetamol than is recommended, you won't improve your pain control but you may seriously damage your health. "At this time of year people should also take care with combination cold and flu products which may have paracetamol as one of the ingredients. It's easy to take more than intended, so if in doubt consult your pharmacist." Meanwhile, researchers at King's College London and Lund University in Sweden say they have discovered precisely how paracetamol works in the body. It is via a protein on nerve cells called TRPA1, says Nature Communications. Now that they understand this principal mechanism, scientists can start to look for molecules that work in the same way to effectively relieve pain, but are less toxic and will not lead to serious complications following overdose.
 * Take paracetamol as directed on the packet or patient information leaflet that comes with the medicine
 * Each tablet usually contains 500mg
 * Adults can take 1-2 tablets of paracetamol every 4-6 hours, up to four times a day
 * This means you should not take more than 8 tablets (4g) in a 24-hour period
 * If you accidentally take an extra dose of paracetamol, you should miss out the next dose so that you do not take more than the recommended maximum dose for a 24-hour period.
 * If you are concerned or you feel unwell, contact your GP or call NHS Direct on 0845 4647