Antibotics

Antibiotics

The term //antibiotic// was coined by Selman Waksman in 1942 to describe any substance produced by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution. The word **antibiotic** comes from the Greek //anti// meaning 'against' and //bios// meaning 'life' (a bacterium is a life form).' This definition excluded substances that kill bacteria, but are not produced by microorganisms, such as gastric juices and hydrogen peroxide. It also excluded synthetic antibacterial compounds such as the sulfonamides. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units. A type of antibiotic, called lactam antibiotics are all produced through fermentation of penicillin in the presence of different nutrients. Semisynthetic penicillins such as ampicillin and amoxicillin work by replacing the aromatic side of biosynthetically with other chemical groups. These antibiotics also work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall through biosynthesis. Lactam antibiotics have receptors that are known as penicillin binding proteins. Many antibiotics are not similar in any way to penicillin because they work by inhibiting protein biosynthesis instead of being semisynthetic, but almost all antibiotics target bacteria the same way. The attack the cell wall because eukaryotic cells do not have cell walls. This is why a virus is so much harder to stop than a bacteria. Virus's use our own cells to replicate and in turn kill the host cell. So to kill a virus chemically we would have to kill our own cells. These antibiotics are board-spectrum and react by stopping protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes. Such illnesses as tuberculosis, salmonella, syphilis and some forms of meningitis are caused by bacteria. Some bacteria are not harmful, while others are good for us. Anitbiotics help fight off disease and bacterial infections. It is great that we have discovered this and can help fight them off. Antibiotics are a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation process of another molecules. They are often a reducing agent such as Thiols, ascorbic acid, and polyphenols.

Antibiotics do not look like the familiar molecules in beginning biochemistry texts; they usually do not even resemble each other. In spite of these apparent differences, they are assembled from the same types of building block through enzyme catalysed reactions that closely resemble those used in making proteins, fatty acids, and polysaccharides. For example, penicillin is derived from a tripeptide of three amino acids, two of which are proteinogenic (cysteine and valine) and one of which is an intermediate in lysine metabolism (α-aminoadipate)



Any substance that kills or slows down the growth of bacteria One of the first antibiotics that was developed was penicilli n



__**Antibiotic overuse:**__ Antibiotics have been overused ever since the creation of penicillin. The problem with this is that bacteria evolve extremely quickly due to their reproductive rate. The overuse of a cell wall destroying agent (like most antibiotics) will promote the natural selection of the most resistant bacteria to this particular agent. So by doctors over prescribing antibiotics, people buying antibiotic home products, and the boom of hand sanitizing agents, we have created superbugs which are resistant to antibiotics. When antibiotics are used against these particular bacteria, instead of killing the bacteria they kill our natural flora or "good bacteria".

Examples of antibiotics: []
 * ~ Generic ||~ Brand Name ||
 * Amoxicillin || Amoxil, Polymox, Trimox, Wymox ||
 * Ampicillin || Omnipen, Polycillin, Polycillin-N, Principen, Totacillin ||
 * Bacampicillin || Spectrobid ||
 * Carbenicillin || Geocillin, Geopen ||
 * Cloxacillin || Cloxapen ||
 * Dicloxacillin || Dynapen, Dycill, Pathocil ||
 * Flucloxacillin || Flopen, Floxapen, Staphcillin ||
 * Mezlocillin || Mezlin ||
 * Nafcillin || Nafcil, Nallpen, Unipen ||
 * Oxacillin || Bactocill, Prostaphlin ||
 * Penicillin G || Bicillin L-A, Crysticillin 300 A.S., Pentids, Permapen, Pfizerpen, Pfizerpen-AS, Wycillin ||
 * Penicillin V || Beepen-VK, Betapen-VK, Ledercillin VK, V-Cillin K ||
 * Piperacillin || Pipracil ||
 * Pivampicillin ||  ||
 * Pivmecillinam ||  ||
 * Ticarcillin || Ticar ||