Botulinum+toxin


 * Botulinum toxin ** is a [|protein] and [|neurotoxin] produced by the [|bacterium] // [|Clostridium botulinum]  // . Botulinum toxin can cause [|botulism], a serious and life-threatening illness in humans and animals.When introduced intravenously in monkeys, type A (Botox Cosmetic) of the toxin exhibits an [|LD50] of 40–56 [|ng] , type C1 around 32 ng, type D 3200 ng, and type E 88 ng these are some of the most potent neurotoxins known.Popularly known by one of its trade names, ** Botox ** , it is used for various cosmetic and medical procedures. Botulinum can be absorbed from eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract or non-intact skin.

The cosmetic effect of BTX-A on wrinkles was originally documented by a plastic surgeon from Sacramento, California, Dr. Richard Clark, and published in the journal // [|Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery]  // in 1989.Canadian husband and wife ophthalmologist and dermatologist physicians Carruthers JD and Carruthers JA were the first to publish a study on BTX-A for the treatment of [|glabellar] frown lines in 1992.Similar effects had reportedly been observed by a number of independent groups (Brin, and the Columbia University group). After formal trials, on April 12, 2002, the FDA announced regulatory approval of botulinum toxin type A (Botox Cosmetic) to temporarily improve the appearance of moderate-to-severe frown lines between the eyebrows (glabellar lines).Subsequently, cosmetic use of botulinum toxin type A has become widespread with many celebrities viewing it as less intrusive and/or artificial than other types of plastic surgery.The results of cosmetic procedures vary but can last up to eight months.The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved an alternative product-safety testing method in response to increasing public concern that [|LD50] testing was required for each batch sold in the market.