Antimony

Basic Facts
The metalloid known as Antimony has an atomic number of 51 and is in group 15 of the periodic table. The symbol for this metal is Sb and it is most commonly found in nature as Sulfide Mineral Stibnite. Antimony has a silvery/gray look to it. It is a soft metal, therefore so it is not used to make hard objects. Antimony's atomic mass on the periodic table is 121.760. It is also resistant to attack by acids. Atimony is a good chemical.

Properties:

 * Element Classification:** Semimetallic
 * Density (g/cc):** 6.691
 * Melting Point (K):** 903.9
 * Boiling Point (K):** 1908
 * Appearance:** hard, silvery-white, brittle semi-metal
 * Atomic Radius (pm):** 159
 * Atomic Volume (cc/mol):** 18.4
 * Covalent Radius (pm):** 140
 * Ionic Radius:** 62 (+6e) 245 (-3)
 * Specific Heat (@20°C J/g mol):** 0.205
 * Fusion Heat (kJ/mol):** 20.08
 * Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol):** 195.2
 * Debye Temperature (K):** 200.00
 * Pauling Negativity Number:** 2.05
 * First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol):** 833.3
 * Oxidation States:** 5, 3, -2
 * Lattice Structure:** Rhombohedral
 * Lattice Constant (Å):** 4.510

Discovery of Antimony:
Author: Dr. Doug Stewart People have been making use of antimony's compounds for thousands of years. We know that one of antimony's minerals, stibnite (Sb2S3), was used in Egyptian cosmetics four or five thousand years ago as a black eyeliner. (1) It is likely that the Roman author Pliny used the name stibium in the first century AD. We get the modern element symbol for antimony, Sb, from the word stibium. According to Pliny, the mineral stibnite was found most commonly among silver ores. Pliny described how stibnite could be used as a medicine and how, if heated too strongly, it would turn to lead. We understand now that the 'lead' described by Pliny is actually the element antimony, produced by heating its ore. (2) In the first half of the 1500s, Vannoccio Biringuccio wrote the alchemical work: "Concerning Antimony and Its Ore." He describes antimony sulfide as either "a monstrosity among metals" or "a material that is about to reach metallic perfection, but is hindered from doing so by being mined too soon." [This was not chemistry as we know it!] Biringuccio does get it right when he warns against heating antimony sulfide too strongly, because this will produce a substance that, "although this is very white and almost more shining than silver, it is much more brittle than glass." This is a clear description of the element antimony. (3) Clearly alchemists had produced antimony in its elemental state by the 1500s. Nicolas Lémery wrote his Treatise on Antimony in 1707 and took a scientific leap -- backwards. In his writings, Lémery describes how acids prick the tongue because they contain spiky particles, while metals dissolve in acids because the sharp points of acids tear the metal particles apart. (4) The name "antimony" is derived from two Greek words: 'anti' and 'monos' which mean 'not alone.' The name was given because antimony is rarely found native; it is usually combined with sulfur or with heavier metals such as copper, lead and silver.

When combined with Lead, the final project is a hardened material with mechanical strength.

Antimony is stable in air at room temperature by reacts with oxygen and heat to form antimony trioxide. There is 0.2-0.5 parts per million of Antimony on Earth; even though it is not as abundant, it is found in numerous minerals. Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic so it is important to be carefully handle it because it has arsenic poisoning effects. If it is inhaled many experience headaches and dizziness.



Can be encountered in nature are free, but most likely there are compounds in the form of sulphide or oxide or oxy-sulphide and boat Alsolveda is the main raw metal. A metal brittle fragmentation fast, bright-colored laminated structure with a silvery white.

Used in:

Battery industry. Low-friction alloys. Industry match (Aidan sulfur matches). Altablwat electrical casings. Medicines and drugs. Cushions and Aldhrjat. As materials for welding and plumbing lead free

History:
Antimony was first discovered in pre-dynastic Egypt and it was initially used as an eye cosmetic. It is mostly found in China. This served as a prominent mythical and astrological element for ancient Egypt.

Properties:
Antimony is in the nitrogen group, so it has an electronegativity of 2.05. Because of its position on the periodic table, it is more electronegative than tin or bismuth and less electronegative than tellurium and arsenic. Antimony is stable at room temperature, but does react with oxygen when it is heated, which then forms antimony trioxide (Sb 2 O 3 ).

Antimony is widely used in alloying to increase hardness and mechanical strength. Antimony is used in the semiconductor industry for infrared detectors, Hall-effect devices, and diodes. The metal and its compounds also used in batteries, bullets, cable sheathing, flame-proofing compounds, glass, ceramics, paints, and pottery. Tartar emetic has been used in medicine. Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic.
 * __Uses for Antimony:__**
 * Symbol:** Sb **Atomic Number:** 51 **Atomic Mass:** 121.76 amu **Melting Point:** 630.0 °C (903.15 K, 1166.0 °F) **Boiling Point:** 1750.0 °C (2023.15 K, 3182.0 °F) **Number of Protons/Electrons:** 51 **Number of Neutrons:** 71 **Classification:** Metalloid **Crystal Structure:** Rhombohedral **Density @ 293 K:** 6.684 g/cm3 **Color:** bluish

Atomic Structure

 * **Symbol:** Sb **Atomic Number:** 51 **Atomic Mass:** 121.76 amu **Melting Point:** 630.0 °C (903.15 K, 1166.0 °F) **Boiling Point:** 1750.0 °C (2023.15 K, 3182.0 °F) **Number of Protons/Electrons:** 51 **Number of Neutrons:** 71 **Classification:** Metalloid **Crystal Structure:** Rhombohedral **Density @ 293 K:** 6.684 g/cm3 **Color:** bluish

Atomic Structure
|| ||   || **Number of Energy Levels:** 5
 * First Energy Level:** **Second Energy Level:** **Third Energy Level:** **Fourth Energy Level:** **Fifth Energy Level:** ||

Isotopes

 * ** Isotope ** || ** Half Life ** ||
 * Sb-117 || 2.8 hours ||
 * Sb-119 || 38.1 hours ||
 * Sb-120 || 15.89 minutes ||
 * Sb-121 || Stable ||
 * Sb-122 || 2.7 days ||
 * Sb-123 || Stable ||
 * Sb-124 || 60.2 days ||
 * Sb-125 || 2.75 years ||
 * Sb-126 || 12.4 days ||
 * Sb-126m || 19.0 minutes ||
 * Sb-127 || 3.84 days ||
 * Sb-129 || 4.4 hours ||

Facts

 * Date of Discovery:** Known to the ancients **Discoverer:** Unknown **Name Origin:** From the Greek words //anti// (opposed) and //monos// (solitude), hence "not alone" **Symbol Origin:** From stibium, the ancient name for antimony sulfide **Uses:** hardens lead, plastics, chemicals **Obtained From:** stibnite, valentinite
 * || **Number of Energy Levels:** 5
 * First Energy Level:** **Second Energy Level:** **Third Energy Level:** **Fourth Energy Level:** **Fifth Energy Level:** ||

Isotopes

 * ** Isotope ** || ** Half Life ** ||
 * Sb-117 || 2.8 hours ||
 * Sb-119 || 38.1 hours ||
 * Sb-120 || 15.89 minutes ||
 * Sb-121 || Stable ||
 * Sb-122 || 2.7 days ||
 * Sb-123 || Stable ||
 * Sb-124 || 60.2 days ||
 * Sb-125 || 2.75 years ||
 * Sb-126 || 12.4 days ||
 * Sb-126m || 19.0 minutes ||
 * Sb-127 || 3.84 days ||
 * Sb-129 || 4.4 hours ||

Facts:

 * Date of Discovery:** Known to the ancients **Discoverer:** Unknown **Name Origin:** From the Greek words //anti// (opposed) and //monos// (solitude), hence "not alone" **Symbol Origin:** From stibium, the ancient name for antimony sulfide **Uses:** hardens lead, plastics, chemicals **Obtained From:** stibnite, valentinite