Nickel

=Nickel (Ni)=

Atomic Number: 28 Atomic Mass: 58.71 Nickel is silvery-white. hard, malleable, and ductile metal.


 * Properties:** The melting point of nickel is 1453°C, boiling point is 2732°C, specific gravity is 8.902 (25°C), with a valence of 0, 1, 2, or 3. Nickel is a silvery white metal that takes a high polish. Nickel is hard, ductile, malleable, and somewhat ferromagnetic. It is a fair conductor of heat and electricity. Nickel is a member of the iron-cobalt group of metals (transition elements). Exposure to nickel metal and soluble compounds should not exceed 1 mg/M3 (8 hour time weighted average for a 40 hour week). Some nickel compounds (nickel carbonyl, nickel sulfide) are considered to be highly toxic or carcinogenic.

The USA's 5-Cent coin (named nickel) contains just 25% of nickel. Nickel is a fair conductor of heat and electricity. It is one of the four elements that are magnetic at or near room temperature(others including iron, cobalt, and gadolinium) In 2005, Russia was the largest producer of nickel with about 1/5 world share closely followed by Canada, Austrilia, and Indonessia Nickel is considered a chemical element. Nickel is a metal that is used to construct many different things. according to the British Geological Survey Nickel has a slow rate of oxidation at room temperature, and therefore is considered corrosion-resistant.

Nickel is a transition metal. Most nickel compounds are green or blue. Nickel is commonly used in the coin making process as well as the battery making process.


 * Element Classification:** Transition Metal
 * Density (g/cc):**8.902
 * Melting Point (K):**1726
 * Boiling Point (K):**3005
 * Appearance:**Hard, malleable, silvery-white metal
 * Atomic Radius (pm):**124
 * Atomic Volume (cc/mol):**6.6
 * Covalent Radius (pm):**115
 * Ionic Radius:**69 (+2e)
 * Specific Heat (@20°C J/g mol):**0.443
 * Fusion Heat (kJ/mol):**17.61
 * Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol):**378.6
 * Debye Temperature (K):**375.00
 * Pauling Negativity Number:**1.91
 * First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol):**736.2
 * Oxidation States:**3, 2, 0
 * Lattice Structure:**Face-Centered Cubic
 * Lattice Constant (Å):** 3.520


 * Isotopes:** There are 14 known isotopes of nickel, 5 stable and 9 unstable. Natural nickel is a mixture of the 5 stable isotopes.


 * Symbol:** Ni **Atomic Number:** 28 **Atomic Mass:** 58.6934 amu **Melting Point:** 1453.0 °C (1726.15 K, 2647.4 °F) **Boiling Point:** 2732.0 °C (3005.15 K, 4949.6 °F) **Number of Protons/Electrons:** 28 **Number of Neutrons:** 31 **Classification:** Transition Metal **Crystal Structure:** Cubic **Density @ 293 K:** 8.902 g/cm3 **Color:** white

Atomic Structure

 * [[image:http://www.chemicalelements.com/bohr/b0028.gif width="277" height="275"]] ||  || **Number of Energy Levels:** 4
 * First Energy Level:** **Second Energy Level:** **Third Energy Level:** **Fourth Energy Level:** ||

Isotopes

 * ** Isotope ** || ** Half Life ** ||
 * Ni-56 || 6.1 days ||
 * Ni-57 || 35.6 hours ||
 * Ni-58 || Stable ||
 * Ni-59 || 76000.0 years ||
 * Ni-60 || Stable ||
 * Ni-61 || Stable ||
 * Ni-62 || Stable ||
 * Ni-63 || 100.0 years ||
 * Ni-64 || Stable ||
 * Ni-65 || 2.51 hours ||

Facts

 * Date of Discovery:** 1751 **Discoverer:** Alex Cronstedt **Name Origin:** From the German word //kupfernickel// (false copper) **Uses:** electroplating metal alloys, nickel-cadmium batteries **Obtained From:** pentlandite[[image:nickel.jpg]]

Extraction and purification
Nickel is recovered through extractive metallurgy. Nickel is extracted from its ores by conventional roasting and reduction processes that yield a metal of greater than 75% purity. In many stainless steel applications, 75% pure nickel can be used without further purification, depending on the composition of the impurities.