Lysine

Lysine is a [|base], as are [|arginine] and [|histidine]. The ε-amino group often participates in hydrogen bonding and as a general base in [|catalysis]. (The ε-amino group, which is attached to the NH3+ group, is the fifth carbon down from the α-carbon, which is attached to the carboxyl (C=OOH) group. [|[3]] )
 * Lysine** (abbreviated as **Lys** or **K**) [|[2]] is an α- [|amino acid] with the [|chemical formula] HO2CCH(NH2)(CH2)4NH2. It is an [|essential amino acid], which means that the human body cannot synthesize it. Lysine's [|codons] are AAA and AAG.

Commonly used in animal feed such as pigs and chickens. It is a global industry.

The lysine is an essential amino acid whose main function is to be the building block of all protein this nutrient was first isolated and segregated and in 1889 from casein. The lysine has many important functions to the world diseases today. Imagine, its not just for cardiac arrest which is the most common enemy of the world today; but, it can preserve youth, it can give a younger and fair complexion, it can be good for osteoporosis, to diabetic, to colon cancer patients. A wonder “AA” they call. Very fascinating that the herpes virus can be in dormant situation with lysine too.

The lysine history says that lysine is one of the 21 amino acids that make up natural proteins. About half of these 21 amino acids can be made by the human body from other amino acids, and about cannot be synthesized by humans and must be derived nutritionally from protein intake. These are the "essential amino acids. Lysine is an essential amino acid.

The lysine history says that a use of lysine in cultural and traditional settings may differ from concepts accepted by current Western medicine. When considering the use of herbal supplements, (which is commonly use in third world countries where herbal are tested and they are available, the consultation with a primary health care professional is advisable. Additionally, consultation with a practitioner trained in the uses of herbal/health supplements may be beneficial, and coordination of treatment among all health care providers involved may be advantageous.

Biosynthesis
As an essential amino acid, lysine is not synthesized in animals, hence it must be ingested as lysine or lysine-containing proteins. In plants and bacteria, it is synthesized from [|aspartic acid] (aspartate): [|[4]] Enzymes involved in this biosynthesis include: [|[5]]
 * [|L] -aspartate is first converted to L-aspartyl-4-phosphate by [|aspartokinase] (or Aspartate kinase). [|ATP] is needed as an energy source for this step.
 * β-Aspartate semialdehyde [|dehydrogenase] converts this into β-aspartyl-4-semialdehyde (or β-aspartate-4-semialdehyde). Energy from [|NADPH] is used in this conversion.
 * [|Dihydrodipicolinate synthase] adds a [|pyruvate] group to the β-aspartyl-4-semialdehyde, and two water molecules are removed. This causes [|cyclization] and gives rise to 2,3-dihydrodipicolinate.
 * This product is reduced to 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate (or Δ1-piperidine-2,6-dicarboxylate, in the figure: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate) by [|dihydrodipicolinate reductase] . This reaction consumes a NADPH molecule.
 * [|Tetrahydrodipicolinate N-acetyltransferase] opens this ring and gives rise to N-succinyl-L-2-amino-6-oxoheptanedionate (or N-acyl-2-amino-6-oxopimelate). Two water molecules and one [|acyl-CoA] (succinyl-CoA) enzyme are used in this reaction.
 * N-succinyl-L-2-amino-6-oxoheptanedionate is converted into N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedionate (N-acyl-2,6-diaminopimelate). This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme succinyl diaminopimelate [|aminotransferase] . A [|glutaric acid] molecule is used in this reaction and an [|oxoacid] is produced as a byproduct.
 * N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedionate (N-acyl-2,6-diaminopimelate)is converted into LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedionate (L,L-2,6-diaminopimelate) by succinyl diaminopimelate desuccinylase (acyldiaminopimelate deacylase). A water molecule is consumed in this reaction and a succinate is produced a byproduct.
 * LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedionate is converted by [|diaminopimelate epimerase] into meso-2,6-diamino-heptanedionate (meso-2,6-diaminopimelate).
 * Finally, meso-2,6-diamino-heptanedionate is converted into L-lysine by [|diaminopimelate decarboxylase].
 * 1) [|Aspartokinase]
 * 2) β-Aspartate semialdehyde [|dehydrogenase]
 * 3) Dihydropicolinate [|synthase]
 * 4) Δ1-Piperidine-2,6-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase
 * 5) //N//-succinyl-2-amino-6ketopimelate synthase
 * 6) Succinyl diaminopimelate [|aminotransferase]
 * 7) Succinyl diaminopimelate desuccinylase
 * 8) Diaminopimelate [|epimerase]
 * 9) Diaminopimelate [|decarboxylase].

Properties
L-Lysine is a necessary building block for all [|protein] in the body. L-Lysine plays a major role in [|calcium] [|absorption] ; building [|muscle] protein; recovering from [|surgery] or sports injuries; and the body's production of [|hormones], [|enzymes] , and [|antibodies].