Copper

[[image:copper.jpg]][[image:https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRDLh3-lCbJjn6d63Wfzcl5ifeHqfrDXzD2YuujEa3A2-RT1YUC]]

 * Name:** Copper
 * Symbol:** Cu
 * Atomic Number:** 29
 * Atomic Mass:** 63.546 amu
 * Melting Point:** 1083.0 °C (1356.15 K, 1981.4 °F)
 * Boiling Point:** 2567.0 °C (2840.15 K, 4652.6 °F)
 * Number of Protons/Electrons:** 29
 * Number of Neutrons:** 35
 * Classification:** Transition Metal
 * Crystal Structure:** Cubic
 * Density @ 293 K:** 8.96 g/cm3
 * Color:** red/orange


 * Number of Energy Levels:** 4
 * First Energy Level:**2
 * Second Energy Level:**8
 * Third Energy Level:**18
 * Fourth Energy Level:**1

Isotopes

 * ** Isotope ** || ** Half Life ** ||
 * Cu-61 || 3.4 hours ||
 * Cu-62 || 9.7 minutes ||
 * Cu-63 || Stable ||
 * Cu-64 || 12.7 hours ||
 * Cu-65 || Stable ||
 * Cu-67 || 2.6 days ||

Facts

 * Date of Discovery:** Known to the ancients
 * Discoverer:** Unknown
 * Name Origin:** From the Latin word //cyprium//, after the island of Cyprus
 * Uses:** electrical conductor, jewelry, coins, plumbing
 * Obtained From:** chalcopyrite, coveline, chalcosine

__Current Uses__ Because of its conductivity, copper is used in electric motors of cars, machines, ect, to increase electrical efficiency. This electrical efficiency also is great for electrical wires such as lighting and telephones. It's pliability is another awesome reason for using it in most electrical wires. Copper is also commonly used in architectural details because of it's waterproofing abilities and shiny appearance. However, when copper is exposed to the elements it oxidizes and turns a minty-green color, such as the statue of liberty. This reaction can be reversed, but undergoing such a process is somewhat arduous so most copper architectural details remain the green color. Copper is also used in lighting rods to divert the charge to the ground as apposed to destroying the main structure.

__Characteristics__ Pure copper is a soft and malleable metal. It can be used for a conductor of both heat and electricity due to its high thermal and electrical abilities.Copper is in group 11, coinage metal, and period 4 on the periodic table. Coppers alloys are brass and bronze.Copper turns a greenish color when it reacts with air; that's why the statue of liberty is green.Copper has a boiling point of 2,567 degrees Celcius. Copper is soluble in water. Copper reacts with oxygen to form a brownish black layer of copper oxide. Generally found in a solid form, it has a reddish-orange color, and is actually relatively pliable.

__History__ Copper's word origin comes from the Latin word Cuprum. Copper has a melting point of 1,083.4 degrees Celcius. It was know to some of the oldest civilizations on record revealing that it has been used for almost 10,000 years. Copper has made appearances in ancient mythology and alchemy; it was represented by Aphrodite and Venus due to its lustrous beauty. .

2 Cu 2 O → 4 Cu + O 2

A regulator of nutritional copper signaling in Chlamydomonas is an SBP domain protein that recognizes the GTAC core of copper response element

Abstract
The // CRR1 // (Copper Response Regulator) locus, required for both activating and repressing target genes of a copper- and hypoxia-sensing pathway in// Chlamydomonas //, encodes a 1,232-residue candidate transcription factor with a plant-specific DNA-binding domain named SBP, ankyrin repeats, and a C-terminal Cys-rich region, with similarity to a // Drosophila // metallothionein. The recombinant SBP domain of Crr1 shows zinc-dependent binding to functionally defined copper-response elements associated with the // CYC6 // and // CPX1 //promoters that contain a critical GTAC core sequence. Competition experiments indicate equivalent selectivity for copper-response elements from either promoter and 10-fold greater selectivity for the wild-type sequence vs. a sequence carrying a single mutation in the GTAC core. The SBP domain of// Chlamydomonas // Crr1 binds also to a related GTAC-containing sequence in the// Arabidopsis AP1 // promoter that is the binding site of a defining member of the SBP family of DNA-binding proteins. // Chlamydomonas // Crr1 is most similar to a subset of the // Arabidopsis // SBP domain proteins, which include SPL1, SPL7, and SPL12. The abundance of the // CRR1 // mRNA is only marginally copper-responsive, and although two mRNAs that differ with respect to splicing of the first intron are detected, there is no indication that the splicing event is regulated by metal nutrition or hypoxia. It is likely that the dramatic copper-responsive action of Crr1 occurs at the level of the polypeptide. We have copper everywhere and it continues to be a huge part of the world.

__Fun Facts__With the invention of the telephone, copper wires played an important role. Copper wires were used for telephone lines. This is why Alexander Graham Bell had a natural monoploy on the long distance telephone company because the use of copper wires for mutliple companies was impractical. This was because copper was both expensive and bulky.

**Symbol:** Cu **Atomic Number:** 29 **Atomic Mass:** 63.546 amu **Melting Point:** 1083.0 °C (1356.15 K, 1981.4 °F) **Boiling Point:** 2567.0 °C (2840.15 K, 4652.6 °F) **Number of Protons/Electrons:** 29 **Number of Neutrons:** 35 **Classification:** Transition Metal **Crystal Structure:** Cubic **Density @ 293 K:** 8.96 g/cm3 **Color:** red/orange

Atomic Structure

 * [[image:http://www.chemicalelements.com/bohr/b0029.gif width="277" height="275"]] ||  || **Number of Energy Levels:** 4
 * First Energy Level:****Second Energy Level:****Third Energy Level:****Fourth Energy Level:** ||

Isotopes

 * ** Isotope ** || ** Half Life ** ||
 * Cu-61 || 3.4 hours ||
 * Cu-62 || 9.7 minutes ||
 * Cu-63 || Stable ||
 * Cu-64 || 12.7 hours ||
 * Cu-65 || Stable ||
 * Cu-67 || 2.6 days ||

Facts
**Date of Discovery:** Known to the ancients **Discoverer:** Unknown **Name Origin:** From the Latin word //cyprium//, after the island of Cyprus **Uses:** electrical conductor, jewelry, coins, plumbing **Obtained**

**Interesting Fact About Copper:** A modern "copper penny" is mostly zinc and is only 2.4% copper. Cents made before 1982 (1943 excepted), and some made in 1982, were 95% copper and 5% zinc.

**Copper in Health** Copper is essential in the health of all living things. It is necessary for plants animals and even aerobic microorganisms. In fact copper tools greatly improve the health and productivity of gardens. Copper is involved in many protections and metalloenzyems which preform essential metabolic functions. copper is involved in a large amount of things ranging from proper growth and development too the formation of red blood cells. It is also stimulates the immune system and neutralizes free radicals. Copper is a cofactor for four different enzymes. It activates lysyl oxidase for collagen synthesis, superoxide dismutase for antioxidant defense, cytochrome C oxidase for energy metabolism and ceruloplasmin for iron transport in blood.

The Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries, formed in 1967 with Chile, Peru, Zaire and Zambia, played a similar role for copper as OPEC does for oil. It never achieved the same influence, particularly because the second-largest producer, the United States, was never a member; it was dissolved in 1988