Creatine

=Creatine= Creatine is a natural chemical your body creates made up of phosphates. Creatine's main job is to fuel muscle contractions within your body. Your body has natural phosphates that start out as ATP (adensonine TRIphosphate) and as you work your muscles, they become depleted down to ADP (adensonine DIphosphate), which makes it more difficult for your muscles to lift and work. When your body loses that phosphate (ATP to ADP), creatine gives one of it's phosphates to your muscles so that it can work longer. The enzyme GATM is a mithochondrial enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first rate-limiting step of creatine biosynthesis and is primary expressed in your pancreas and kidneys. The second enzyme in the pathway (still in GATM) is primarily expressed in the liver and pancreas. Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid (protein building block) that's found in meat and fish also made by the human body in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. It is converted into creatine phosphate or phosphocreatine and stored in the muscles, where it is used for energy. During high-intensity, short-duration exercise, such as lifting weights or sprinting, phosphocreatine is converted into ATP, a major source of energy within the human body.

Creatine is used during a work out and is recommended when body building. It is used to stock pile your muscles so that you can lift more weight for a longer period of time. In order to stock pile creatine (because your body does not make enough) you can incorporate a creatine supplement into your diet. Side effects: Health Effects: Using creatine can be used as a supplement. Those who use creatine typically want to gain muscle mass. Atheletes, Bodybuilders, Sprinters, and Wrestlers are all examples of people who mainly use creatine to gain muscle mass. Though many thing it is okay and healthy to use, it commonly has many side effects that can be extremely harmful. Athletic Performance It is noted that creatine use can increase maximum power and performance in high-intensity work. Ingesting creatine can increase the level of phosphocreatine in the muscles up to 20%. Creatine is not banned by the majority of sport-governing bodies. However, the NCAA recently ruled that colleges could not provide creatine supplements to their players
 * Stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, and muscle cramping.
 * When taken by mouth in high doses, creatine is **POSSIBLY UNSAFE**. There is some concern that it could harm the kidney, liver, or heart function. However, a connection between high doses and these negative effects has not been proven.
 * Creatine causes muscles to draw water from the rest of your body. Be sure to drink extra water to make up for this. Also, if you are taking creatine, don't exercise in the heat. It might cause you to become dehydrated.
 * Can cause water weight gain as well.



Synthesis
Synthetic gypsum is recovered via flue-gas desulfurization at some coal-fired electric power plants. It can be used interchangeably with natural gypsum in some applications. Gypsum also precipitates onto brackish water membranes, a phenomenon known as mineral salt scaling, such as during brackish water desalination of water with high concentrations of calcium and sulfate. Scaling decreases membrane life and productivity. This is one of the main obstacles in brackish water membrane desalination processes, such as reverse osmosis or nanofiltration. Other forms of scaling such as calcite scaling, depending on the water source, can also be important considerations in distillation as well as in heat exchangers where either the salt solubility or salt concentration can change rapidly. A new study has found that the formation of gypsum starts off as tiny crystals of a mineral called bassanite (CaSO4•0.5H2O). This process occurs via a three-stage pathway: (1) homogeneous nucleation of nanocrystalline bassanite; (2) self-assembly of bassanite into aggregates, and (3) transformation of bassanite into gypsum.